Law and Slave Identity in Dred and Puddnhead Wilson Essays -- African

Law and Slave Identity in Dred and Pudd'nhead Wilson What is a slave? A slave, according to many of the laws in the individual slave states during the 19th century, was an article of property, a thing, and an object not human. However, according to another, the 3/5 Compromise of 1787, a slave was worth 3/5 of a white man. The population of the Southern states was heavily African, and this compromise enabled them to count those slaves as 3/5 of a citizen in order to get more representation in Congress. What does that mean for interpretations of the law? Can a `thing' be tried for murder, or is a slave a man who has committed only 3/5 of the crime? Unfortunately, laws often have an ambiguity that allows them to be misinterpreted. In the case of American slave laws, the ambiguity was such that the identity of the slave could be misinterpreted or even manipulated to serve unjust social practices. Furthermore, one of the interpretations of the slave's identity is as a child under the guardianship of the slave master. If this translation were correct, however, the slave should have the right of protection under the law. But as said before, state law claims that a slave is a thing and therefore warrants no protection. The laws of slavery in the 19th century were ambiguous to the point that no one legal definition of a slave or a slave's rights could be made according to the law. Both Harriet Beecher Stowe and Mark Twain experimented with this ambiguity of identity and the laws surrounding it in their novels Dred and Pudd'nhead Wilson. The lawyers in Dred and Pudd'nhead Wilson are Edward Clayton and David (Pudd'nhead) Wilson. Both of these lawyers are given the opportunity to interpret the identity of the slave during trial... ...ecting themselves from the bite. "If you pick up a starving dog and make him prosperous, he will not bite you. This is the principal difference between a dog and a man. – Pudd'nhead Wilson's Calendar." (Twain 99) Works Cited Carton, Evan. "Pudd'nhead Wilson and the Fiction of Law and Custom." Ed. Eric J. Sundquist. American Realism: New Essays. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. Crane, Gregg. "Stowe and the Law." Cindy Weinstein. The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. "Slavery and Indentured Servants." Law Library of Congress. 9 Dec. 2004 < http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awlaw3/slavery.html>. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. Ed. Robert S. Levine. New York: Penguin Books, 2000. Twain, Mark. Pudd'nhead Wilson. New York: Bantum Books, 1981. Law and Slave Identity in Dred and Pudd'nhead Wilson Essays -- African Law and Slave Identity in Dred and Pudd'nhead Wilson What is a slave? A slave, according to many of the laws in the individual slave states during the 19th century, was an article of property, a thing, and an object not human. However, according to another, the 3/5 Compromise of 1787, a slave was worth 3/5 of a white man. The population of the Southern states was heavily African, and this compromise enabled them to count those slaves as 3/5 of a citizen in order to get more representation in Congress. What does that mean for interpretations of the law? Can a `thing' be tried for murder, or is a slave a man who has committed only 3/5 of the crime? Unfortunately, laws often have an ambiguity that allows them to be misinterpreted. In the case of American slave laws, the ambiguity was such that the identity of the slave could be misinterpreted or even manipulated to serve unjust social practices. Furthermore, one of the interpretations of the slave's identity is as a child under the guardianship of the slave master. If this translation were correct, however, the slave should have the right of protection under the law. But as said before, state law claims that a slave is a thing and therefore warrants no protection. The laws of slavery in the 19th century were ambiguous to the point that no one legal definition of a slave or a slave's rights could be made according to the law. Both Harriet Beecher Stowe and Mark Twain experimented with this ambiguity of identity and the laws surrounding it in their novels Dred and Pudd'nhead Wilson. The lawyers in Dred and Pudd'nhead Wilson are Edward Clayton and David (Pudd'nhead) Wilson. Both of these lawyers are given the opportunity to interpret the identity of the slave during trial... ...ecting themselves from the bite. "If you pick up a starving dog and make him prosperous, he will not bite you. This is the principal difference between a dog and a man. – Pudd'nhead Wilson's Calendar." (Twain 99) Works Cited Carton, Evan. "Pudd'nhead Wilson and the Fiction of Law and Custom." Ed. Eric J. Sundquist. American Realism: New Essays. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982. Crane, Gregg. "Stowe and the Law." Cindy Weinstein. The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. "Slavery and Indentured Servants." Law Library of Congress. 9 Dec. 2004 < http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awlaw3/slavery.html>. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. Ed. Robert S. Levine. New York: Penguin Books, 2000. Twain, Mark. Pudd'nhead Wilson. New York: Bantum Books, 1981.

Tata Consultancy Services Research Report

25  November  2012 Sector:  IT  Consulting  &  Software   CMP:  1288   Rating:  BUY   Target  Price:  1500              Stock  Info Investment  Period:  15months   Introduction: Tata  Consultancy  Services  Limited  is  an  Indian   multinational  information  technology  services,  business   solutions  and  outsourcing  Services  Company  founded  by   JRD  Tata  in  the  year  1968  headquartered  in  Mumbai. TCS  is   a  subsidiary  of  the  Tata  Group. It  is  one  of  India's  most   valuable  companies  and  is  the  largest  India? based  IT   services  company  by  2012  revenues. It  has  183  offices   across  43  countries  and  117  delivery  centres  across  21   countries.It  also  has  58  subsidiary  companies. Products  :   TCS  provides  a  wide  range  of  IT  rela ted  products   such  as;  application  development,  BPO  (business  process   outsourcing),  consulting,  enterprise  software,  payment   processing,  software  management  and  education  services. Following  are  the  service  lines  and  their  percentage  to  the   total  TCS  revenue  in  the  Q2  2012? 13:? Application  development  and  maintenance:   ADM  is  a  part  of  IT  that  works  with  the  business  to  develop   new  software,  keep  it  running  and  make  ongoing   improvements.Asset  leverage  solutions:         Assurance  services:   Assurance  services  provide  independent  and  professional   opinions  that  reduce  the  information  risk  (risk  that  comes   from  incorrect  information). Business  intelligence:   BI  is  the  ability  of  an  organization  to  collec t,  maintain,  and   organize  knowledge. This  produces  large  amounts  of   information  that  can  help  develop  new  opportunities. Market  Cap:  2,52,109crs   Equity:  195. 7crs   Face  Value:  1   52  Week  H/L:  1438? 1045 Key  Financials  (in  crores)      Net  Sales   EBIDTA   Margin  %   Net  Profit   EPS   Dividend   FY  11? 12   38,858. 55   33. 87   13366. 33   55. 97   25   FY  10? 11 29,275. 0   29. 47   8700. 44   38. 62   14 Valuation  Summary FY  11? 12   20. 60   8. 5   55. 31   44. 24   0. 72 FY  10? 11   23. 7   10. 4   44. 38   38. 80   na Price  to   Earning   Price  to   Book   RoCE  %   RoNW  %   Beta Absolute  Retune 3months   1year   5. 3% 3years   131. 7% TCS 30. 1% Sensex   3. 70% 17. 90% 7. 70% Share  Holding  Pattern  (%)   Promoter   FII   DII   Retail   74   15   6. 5   4. 5 Promoter  and  Promoter  group:   Tata  Sons  Ltd  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  73. 75%   Others  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  0. 25%   Foreign  Institutional  Investors:   Number  of  FII  Shareholders  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  853   some  of  them  include;   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Domestic  Institutional  Investors:   Life  Insurance  Corporation  of  India  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ . 10%   Franklin  Templeton  Investment  Funds   –  1. 67%   Others  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  1. 73%   Retail  :   Individuals  with  value  less  than  1lac  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   3. 5%   Individuals  with  value  more  than  1lac   –  1% Dividend  Policy  (Mar’12):   Indicators   TCS   Wipro   EPS   D/P  Ratio   (%)   D/R  Ratio   (%)   Div  Yield   (%)   Face   Value   Book   value      55. 97   52   48   1. 94   1   19   36. 60   63. 40   1. 64   2 HCL   28. 13   49. 50   50. 50   1. 87   2   95. 25 Business  process  outsourcing:   BPO  is  a  subset  of  outsourcing  that  involves  the  contracting  of   operations  and  responsibilities  of  specific  business  functions   or  process  to  a  third  party  service  provider.Consulting:   IT  consulting  is  a  field  that  focuses  on  advising  businesses  on   how  best  to  use  information  technology  to  meet  their   business  objectives. Engineering  and  Industrial  services:  Ã‚   E deliver  engineering  excellence  and  operational  efficiency,   ensuring  a  competitive  advantage. Enterprise  solutions:   An  enterprise  solution  is  any  business  tool  that  reliably   empowers  you  to  access,  share  and  apply  resources  with  any   of  your  peers  and  customers,  anyw here,  at  any  time.IT  infrastructure  services:   IT  Infrastructure  Services  (IS)  Or  Infrastructure  Management   Services  (IMS)  deliver  end? to? end,  effective  and  reliable   solutions  that  transform  help  to  business  operations. Services   Contribution  to   Quarter  on   overall  revenue   Quarter  (%)   (%)   AMD   43. 1   3. 8   Engg  Srvcs   4. 6   4. 6   IMC   11. 4   12. 5   EAS   14. 9   2. 5   Consulting   3   12   Products   2. 7   0. 8   Testing   7. 7   5. 9   BPO   12. 6   1. 3   IMC  was  the  key  growth  service  line,  expanding  12. 5%  QoQ,   followed  by  Consulting  which  also  grew  12%  QoQ. BPO,  EAS   and  Products  lagged  during  the  last  quarter. Sector  Wise  Performance  (Q2  2012? 3):   Verticals   Contribution  to   Quarter  on   overall  revenue   Quarter  (%)   (%)   BFSI   Mfg   Telecom Healthcare   Retail   Transportation   Energy  Ã‚   Media   Hi? Tech   Others 126. 50   99 42. 8   8. 2   10. 3   5. 2   13. 4   3. 6   3. 6   2. 2   5. 9   4. 9 4. 6   9. 0   5. 1   3. 1   6. 6   2. 2   5. 1   5. 1   3. 3   7. 2 Capital  Structure  (in  crores)    Mar’12   Mar’11      Shareholder’s  funds   Equity   195. 72   195. 72         Preference   100   100   Reserves   24560. 90   19283. 77   Net  worth   24856. 63   19579. 50   Debt  funds   Secured  Ã‚   93. 47   35. 87   Unsecured  Ã‚   2. 76   5. 25   Total  Debt   96. 23   41. 12   Total   24952. 86   19620. 1   Capital   *Preference  Shares  worth  100crs  issued  to  Tata   Sons  Ltd  (the  holding  company)  which  would  be   redeemable  at  par  at  the  end   of  six  years  from  the   date  of  allotment  ie. March  28,  2008,  but  may  be   redeemable  any  time  after  3years  from  the  date  of   allotment  at  the  option  of  shareholder. These  shares   would  carry  a  fixed  cumulative  dividend  of  1%  pa   and  a  variable  non? cumulative  dividend  of  1%  of  the   difference  between  the  rate  of  dividend  declared   during  the  year  on  the  equity  shares  and  average   rate  of  dividend  declared  on  the  equity  shares  for   three  years  preceding  the  issue  of  redeemable   preference  shares. BFSI  grew  4. %  QoQ,  despite  being  affected  by  the  current   environment  and  contributed  87%  to  the  incremental   revenues. While  telecom  too  grew  at  an  impressive  5. 1%   despite   industry  trouble,  the  manufacturing  and  retail   verticals  grew  the  fastest. Geographies  Growth  (Q2  2012? 2013):   Verticals   Contribution  to   QoQ  (%)   overall  revenue   (%)   North  America   52. 8   3. 2   Latin  America   3. 4   7. 7   UK   17. 1   5. 2   Europe   9. 5   3. 5   India   7. 5   10. 5   APAC   7. 6   7. 4   MEA   2. 1   4. 6 *APAC  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Asia  Pacific,  *MEA  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Middle  East  and  Africa   Growth  was  driven  by  emerging  economies. India  (10. 5%)   grew  the  fastest,  followed  by  Latin  America  and  APAC  (7. %   . 4%)  respectively. UK  (5. 2%)  remained  strong,  with   Europe  and  North  America  growing  at  (3. 5%  . 2%). Board  of  Directors   †¢ Executive  Board  Members Weighted  Average  Cost  of  Capital  Ã‚     Rf  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   Risk  Free  Rate  of  Return  =  8%,  Rm   –  Market  Return  (nifty)  for  1year  =   10. 80%  (moneycontrol. com),  Beta  =   0. 72  (reuters. com)  Tax  Rate  =   2390. 35/13366. 33  (tax  expenses/PBT)   =  17. 88%      We  (proportion  of  equity)  =  E/  (E+D)  =   24856. 60  /  24952. 85  =  0. 9961      Wd  (proportion  of  debt)  =  D/  (E+D)  =   96. 23  /  24952. 85  =  0. 0039      Kd  (cost  of  debt)  =  Interest  paid  /  total   debt  =  16. 0  /  96. 23  =  0. 1704      Tax  Shield  =  0. 1704  (1? 0. 1788)  =  0. 1399      Ke  (cost  of  equity)  =  Rf  +  B(Rm? Rf)  =   0. 80  +  0. 72  (0. 108? 0. 08)  =  0. 10      WACC  =  (We*Ke)  +  (Wd*Kd)  =   (0. 9961*0. 10)  +  (0. 0039*0. 1399)  =   10. 015% N  Chandrasekaran  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  CEO   S  Mahalingam  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  CFO   †¢ Non? Executive  Board  Members Ratan  Tata  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Chairman   S  Ramadorai  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Vice  Chairman   Cyrus  Mistry  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Deputy  Chairman   Suprakash  Mukhopadhyay  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Company  Secretary   Compliance  Officer   R  Sommer,  I  Hussain,  V  Kelkar,  A  Mehta,  V  Thyagarajan,   Laura  Cha,  C  M  Christensen,  P  A  Vandrevala  O  P  Bhatt  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   DirectorsCompetitors:  Ã‚   Infosys,  Wipro,  HCL,  Mahindra? Satyam,  Tech  Mahindra,   Patni  Computers  etc. Financial  Summary   Profit  : Balance  Sheet:   2011 Revenue  from   operations   Other  Income   Total  Income   Expenses   a. Employee   benefit   expenses   b. Operation   and  other   expenses 2012 2012         195. 72   100   24560. 91   24856. 63      96. 23   118. 10   197. 59   154. 78   566. 70      2847. 18   1598. 56   4389. 74   8835. 48   34258. 81            4012. 16   51. 46   1399. 82   5463. 44   5150. 15   139. 74   4332. 81   2636. 88   17723. 02      538. 24   4. 14   1567. 47   9107. 72   3280. 07   1648. 2   389. 43   16535. 79   34258. 81 2011         195. 72   100   19283. 77   19579. 49      36. 33   69. 32   129. 91   76. 17   311. 73      2153. 38   1584. 27   2413. 94   6151. 59   26042. 81            3363. 78   58. 40   1072. 86   4495. 04   5457. 91   52. 03   2864. 09   2603. 26   15472. 33      337. 58   5. 37   836. 37   4806. 67   3120. 52   1369. 05   94. 92   10570. 48   26042. 81 38858. 54   29275. 41 2685. 18 494. 73 41543. 72   29770. 14 14100. 41   10221. 85 13372. 41   10290. 03 c. Finance  costs   16. 40   d. Depreciation   688. 17   and   Amortisation 20. 01   537. 82 Total  Expenses   28177. 39   21069. 1   Profit  before   Tax   Tax   expenditure:   a. Current  tax   13366. 33   8700. 43 2865. 38 1335. 73   30. 32   (235. 61) b. Deferred  tax   (38. 93)   c. MAT  credit   entitlement   Total   (436. 10) 2390. 35 1130. 44 Profit  after  tax   10975. 98   7569. 99   Earnings  Per   Share   55. 95   38. 61 Liabilities   Shareholders’  Funds   Equity  capital   Preference  capital   Reserves   TOTAL   Non? current  Liabilities  Ã‚   a. Long  Term  Borrowing   b. Deferred  tax  liabilities  (net)   c. Other  long? term  liabilities   d. Long  term  provisions   TOTAL   Current  Liabilities   a. Trade  payables  Ã‚   b. Other  current  liabilities   c. Short? erm  provisions   TOTAL   SOURCES  OF  FUNDS      Assets   Non? current  Assets   a. Fixed  assets   1. Tangible  assets   2. Intangible  asset s   3. Capital  work? in? progress   TOTAL   b. Non? current  Investments   c. Deferred  tax  assets  (net)   d. Long  term  loans   e. Other  non? current  assets   TOTAL   Current  Assets   a. Current  Investments   b. Inventories   c. Unbilled  Revenue   d. Trade  receivables   e. Cash  and  bank  balances   f. Short? term  loan   g. Other  current  assets   TOTAL   APPLICATION  OF  FUNDS Long? Term  Provisions  consist  of  provision  for  employees  include  gratuity  and  other  employee  benefits. Short?Term  Provisions  includes  provision  for  employee  benefits  and  for  proposed  final  dividend  on   equity  shares  . Current  Liabilities  includes  income  received  in  advance,  fair  value  of  foreign  exchange  forwards  and   currency  options  contracts  secured  against  trade  receivables  . Ratio  Analysis  with  Peer  Competition:? FY? 12      27. 52   29. 30   26. 15   55. 31   44. 24   126. 50 In  (%)      Gross  Profit  Margin  Ã‚   Operating  Profit  Margin   Net  Profit  Margin  Ã‚   Return  on  Capital   Employed   Return  on  Net  Worth   Return  on  Total  Assets TCS   Wipro   FY? 11   FY? 12   FY? 11            Profitability  Ratios   28. 2   17. 29   19. 62   29. 96   19. 63   21. 90   25. 44   14. 39   17. 96   44. 38   21. 41   22. 34   38. 80   99. 53   19. 23      20. 41 HCL  Technologies   FY? 12   FY? 11         24. 21   28. 18   25. 66   33. 64   29. 53      19. 13   23. 42   24. 31   21. 20   20. 45 Current  Ratio   Quick  Ratio   Debt? Equity  Ratio   Asset  Turnover  Ratio   Fixed  Assets  Turnover   Ratio   Debtors  Turnover  Ratio 2. 45   2. 43   0. 01   1. 74à ‚   5. 39   5. 59 Solvency  Ratios   2. 41   1. 92   1. 45   2. 40   2. 48   2. 20   0. 01   0. 22   0. 22   Management  Efficiency  Ratios   4. 91   1. 14   3. 45   4. 91   3. 81   3. 45   7. 19   4. 61   4. 87 1. 38   1. 42   0. 11   1. 26   2. 88   4. 88

CONTRASY BETWEEN LEONARDO DA VINCI ARISTOTLE essays

CONTRASY BETWEEN LEONARDO DA VINCI ARISTOTLE essays I believe that Aristotle and Leonardo da Vinci led similar lives. They both sought for knowledge and studied similar topics. I think that both were renaissance men, as it would be described in Leonardos day. This refers to the fact that both men studied a variety of subjects. I believe both men were ahead of their time, and I think both men made differences in our time. Both mean were very similar, but came from two different time periods. In my attempt to summarize these to fascinating lives, I hope you can depict some links both professionally and personally between them. Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, the modern Starro on the northern cost of Aegean. (work cited book 1, pg.13)The new generation wanted to forget the past and strive for a better future. His father Nicomchus, was a doctor. Aristotle learned early first aid techniques. This training could have contributed to Aristotles special interest in biology. When Aristotle was ten his father died. His guardian then became Proxenus, his uncle. (w.c.b. 1, pg.14) In 367, when Aristotle was 17, Proxenus sent him to the Academy of Plato in Athens to study. (w.c.b. 2, pg. 18The Brain and The Reader. (w.c.b.1, pg.20) Aristotle once during his time at the Academy, won recognition for one of Platos smartest students. Aristotle began to shift his ideas away from Platos. He became more interes...

China and Economic and Political Development in Sub-Saharan Africa Coursework

China and Economic and Political Development in Sub-Saharan Africa Coursework China and Economic and Political Development in Sub ï » ¿ 1. Describe China’s interests in Africa and the impact of Sino-African relations on economic and political development in Sub-Saharan Africa. China has emerged as an influential economic power and has expanded its role in Africa. There has been historic political and economic links with China but the recent increase in links with Africa has risen up questions regarding the protection of interests of all stakeholders. Historically, China has supported the independence movement in Africa along with continuous investments in developmental projects. China has been showing such an interest to reach out and gain advantage from African resources and trade opportunities. There has been increasing benefits as a result of increasing African markets for Chinese products as well as arms. Sea routes and Air routes have opened up as a result of a growth in economic deals between the countries. Another reason for such interest is to challenge the economic and other such security interests of US in the region. Such a relationship has resulted in mutual benefits for both countries as Africa has gained huge investments resulting in growth i n various sectors. There has been huge impact on economic as well as political development in sub-saharan Africa. China has engaged economically with Africa in three different forms including investment, aid and trade. China is now the second largest trading partner of Africa with total trade rising to around $2.2 Trillion in the year 2009. In the area of investment, around 3% of direct investment flows from China to Africa. Major Chinese companies including Samsung electronics, Phillips and Sony electronics have been investing in Africa. However, there has been less Chinese investment in the manufacturing sector along with heavy reliance on labor imported from china with the African labor receiving fewer benefits. China has also given huge amounts of aid mostly in the form of concession loans as well as subsidized loans. It has also become an active member of the African Development Bank. 2. Critically assess the impact of China’s relations with sub-Saharan African countries. As a result of a growth in the relationship between China and Africa, there have been gains as well as losses for Sub-Saharan African countries. However, there are increasing concerns regarding the longer term impacts on Africa. There have been researches and some of them suggest that the negative effects of these relations may outweigh the positive ones. Some parts of the sub-Saharan Africa have been experiencing trade surpluses including Sudan, Angola, Congo etc while others have recorded continuous trade deficits. Due to China`s increasing interest for energy, minerals and bio-fuels, the manufacturing sectors have witnessed considerable decline. Along with this, local producers have been facing increasing difficulties regarding in competing with the imported Chinese products especially clothing goods. Cheaper products from China have further resulted in huge loss of jobs for workers in African countries. According to the video, the trade between china and Africa has grown by ten folds and risen to around hundred billion dollars. The video further shows the huge investments made by China for growth in Africa including the supply of hard working Chinese labor. However, it should be noted that in return China has also been receiving hundreds of oil gallons in return for their trade and other investment projects. : 1. "Original Article."Â  The European Journal of Development Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. .

International reward managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International reward managment - Essay Example Ricardo’s theories included free market economy and wage control. These theoretical ideas have been significant in formulation of policies (O’Brian 2004). The period after the Second World War, known as the neo classic economics era saw the emergence of new arguments. John Keynes defined and explained â€Å"fiscal policy† as a measure that governments can adopt to stimulate the economy and solve unemployment issues (Braman 1996).The differences in economic arguments and thoughts across the eras provide different analysis, critiques and solutions concerning pay and reward systems. The contribution of economists to the compensation of labor debate has been fundamental in designing and forecasting the consequences of the different approaches to employee rewards and compensation (Beaumont and Hunter 2000). On the other hand, sociologist criticized economists’ contributions for being too abstract and lacking concrete empirical evidence (Wootton 1955). Nevertheless, these orthodox theories are core to the economic theory of pay and can help solve problems that experts face in cases of executive compensation and profit sharing schemes (Beaumont & Hunter 2000). This essay focuses on the critique of the three major orthodox economic theories regarding pay and reward structures, that is, the classical wage theory, human capital theory and efficiency wage theory. Additionally, this paper relates social theory to these critiques by tackling the social factor of equal pay. The paper also discusses gender pay gaps and the inequalities and discriminations that arise from reward structures in the global labor market. JR Hicks first defined the classical wage theory in his publications of â€Å"the theory of wages†. In his studies, Hicks tackled wage problems in a free market economy and came up with a model of determining wages based on previous analysis of theories

What are local solutions towards achieving the eradication of poverty Research Proposal

What are local solutions towards achieving the eradication of poverty and hunger in Sierra Leone - Research Proposal Example The research will use secondary data like National human development report for Sierra Leone 1996and other published reports about poverty eradication. It will also employ primary data such as case studies, focused group discussion with government leaders, public and private sector companies, and the wider civil society representatives at different levels. Interview of key informants such as local people affected by poverty, policy developers, government advisory board and decision makers and well as local economists in the nation will give crucial information. Poverty is rampant and deep in Sierra Leone; approximately twenty-six percent of the Sierra Leone people are poor and unable to afford daily basic diet and about seventy percent live in deep poverty. A widespread difference in geographical distribution of poverty exists, even though, over 65% of the people reside in rural regions and  ¾ of them are poor. In poverty-stricken regions (where armed conflict ruined tree crops or people depend on unproductive local farming and artisan mining), over eight in every ten people are extremely poor. The profile of the nation demonstrates poverty indicators such as inadequate food, poor housing and health centers, increased illiteracy, inadequate clean water access and inadequate access to financial facilities and money, (Okai, 2003). Maternal and infant mortality and rates of fertility are high in these regions, and prevalence of contraceptives and female education is low. Household poverty is widespread on local farmers, families led by illi terate people and large families. With increased poverty and hunger levels in Sierra Leone, experts believe that local strategies stand a chance in poverty eradication. Eradication of poverty is the linchpin in millennium goals achievement in Sierra Leone, therefore; local strategies and efforts will play a crucial role in poverty eradication, (Elliott, Webber & Sierra Leone, 1993). For

Question 1. Impact of Language and cultural Diversity on Ammerica's Essay

Question 1. Impact of Language and cultural Diversity on Ammerica's Pluralistic Society - Essay Example By definition, a society is composed of a group of people who shares the same beliefs, values, interests, and activities. It can be an ethnic group, a community, or a country. In relation to this, there are also different types of society that exists and co-exists. One of these societies is the pluralistic type of society where power is distributed within the sub-groups in the society. Aside from distribution of power, a pluralistic society is also diverse such as the American society (Carroll and Buchholtz 6-8). In relation to this, the diverse languages present in the American pluralistic society had greatly affected the education system of America. The differences of language brought by studying within a majority culture bring difficulties to students that enter the American educational system. There have been an increasing number of students who speak other languages other than English which causes these students to be inarticulate in the English language. Also, due to the increa se of multilingual or non-English speaking students, the educational system must provide instructions in line with the mother language of the students. In this manner, the educational system must be reevaluated in order to provide the necessary instructions for all students. Also, the cultural diversity affects the American educational system because most of the time, the minority groups are continued to be taught with the curriculum that is not based on their culture. This is because the instruction materials, as well as the teachers, continue to teach through the usual American educational system. As a result, the student will eventually be affected in terms of his or her cultural behavior (Hardman, Drew, and Egan; Naylor 99). In relation to the business industry or the corporate world of America, the presence of language and cultural diversity also means that the workforce will be made up of different types of people. These differences encompass the different beliefs, cultural or ientation, gender, race, and ethnicity. Due to this, corporate America had used the term workplace diversity in order to cite such differences. Workplace diversity also plays a vital role in the manner of managing and handling employees from top to bottom. Also, workplace diversity, if managed properly, is an advantageous way of opening a company or an industry to a more diverse clientele. In order to gain optimum advantage of workplace diversity, managers have been trained with different diversity programs. Some of the few advantages of workplace diversity include acquisition of resources, advantage in the branch of marketing, and the ability to complement bilingual skill with the orthodox skills (Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor 252-254). There were also changes in America’s mass media during the time when the American society became more and more pluralistic. Many of the media outlets conceded that it was important to act upon the continuing pluralistic society of the United Stat es fairly. In this manner, changes were done in the attitude of the media in stereotyping. In the early 1980, many of the minority groups in America were represented falsely in movies, television, and even in novels and books. However, as the increase of language and cultural diversity occurred in the United States, many media outlets had employed and changed the perspectives on minority