Question 1. Impact of Language and cultural Diversity on Ammerica's Essay

Question 1. Impact of Language and cultural Diversity on Ammerica's Pluralistic Society - Essay Example By definition, a society is composed of a group of people who shares the same beliefs, values, interests, and activities. It can be an ethnic group, a community, or a country. In relation to this, there are also different types of society that exists and co-exists. One of these societies is the pluralistic type of society where power is distributed within the sub-groups in the society. Aside from distribution of power, a pluralistic society is also diverse such as the American society (Carroll and Buchholtz 6-8). In relation to this, the diverse languages present in the American pluralistic society had greatly affected the education system of America. The differences of language brought by studying within a majority culture bring difficulties to students that enter the American educational system. There have been an increasing number of students who speak other languages other than English which causes these students to be inarticulate in the English language. Also, due to the increa se of multilingual or non-English speaking students, the educational system must provide instructions in line with the mother language of the students. In this manner, the educational system must be reevaluated in order to provide the necessary instructions for all students. Also, the cultural diversity affects the American educational system because most of the time, the minority groups are continued to be taught with the curriculum that is not based on their culture. This is because the instruction materials, as well as the teachers, continue to teach through the usual American educational system. As a result, the student will eventually be affected in terms of his or her cultural behavior (Hardman, Drew, and Egan; Naylor 99). In relation to the business industry or the corporate world of America, the presence of language and cultural diversity also means that the workforce will be made up of different types of people. These differences encompass the different beliefs, cultural or ientation, gender, race, and ethnicity. Due to this, corporate America had used the term workplace diversity in order to cite such differences. Workplace diversity also plays a vital role in the manner of managing and handling employees from top to bottom. Also, workplace diversity, if managed properly, is an advantageous way of opening a company or an industry to a more diverse clientele. In order to gain optimum advantage of workplace diversity, managers have been trained with different diversity programs. Some of the few advantages of workplace diversity include acquisition of resources, advantage in the branch of marketing, and the ability to complement bilingual skill with the orthodox skills (Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor 252-254). There were also changes in America’s mass media during the time when the American society became more and more pluralistic. Many of the media outlets conceded that it was important to act upon the continuing pluralistic society of the United Stat es fairly. In this manner, changes were done in the attitude of the media in stereotyping. In the early 1980, many of the minority groups in America were represented falsely in movies, television, and even in novels and books. However, as the increase of language and cultural diversity occurred in the United States, many media outlets had employed and changed the perspectives on minority

World Hunger Essay Example for Free

World Hunger Essay Hunger and starvation is an issue that plagues countries all over the world, regardless of how developed that country may be. From the United States to villages in Uganda, there are people who go days without eating, resulting in malnutrition and even death. Many charities and programs such as the United Nations World Food Program are currently working to save lives, but there are still millions of people in need of help and assistance. The UN World Food Program addresses hunger everywhere, including countries that are typically not associated with starvation. In Kabul, Afghanistan not all families can always afford enough food on a daily basis to feed their children. With the region being labeled more as a war-torn area, people often overlook the economic impact of political situations and how the natives are affected. Many adults have to work a minimum of ten to twelve hours every single day of the year, just so they can provide for their families; and if such work is not available, there is no guarantee that they will eat. Africa, in particular, is renowned for its third-world status and the widespread hunger that the entire continent has faced for years. Not only do poverty and a lack of resources add to the high levels of starvation, but the HIV/AIDS epidemic has also contributed to the problem. In Zambia, for example, the UN works with several mothers who are HIV-positive, yet they have several children that they need to raise. In the entire country, 14 percent of the people now have HIV and 16 percent of the entire female population is infected. Many of these women are also working mothers who struggle to find the energy to work long hours due to their illness. They also tend to forgo eating so that their children will have more food each day—a cycle that leads to further deterioration of their own health and increasing weakness, so they are unable to keep up with their work schedules. Fortunately for some of these families, the UN has intervened by providing nutritious food and medicine to treat some of the HIV symptoms. This has enabled many mothers—the UN’s target population in Zambia—to continue working while also building back up their own physical strength. Another example of the UN’s work is Congo, where malnutrition has recently been a rising concern. UN workers have been effective in teaching the natives of Congo to farm and plant their own food, as well as the importance of a nutritious diet. One of the countries most closely associated with hunger and starvation, of course, is Haiti. The UN World Food Program has had an increasing population on the island ever since the major earthquake back in January of this year. Working together to rebuild the country, the UN has made deals with many of the survivors—they provide the people with cash and food rations periodically in exchange for labor, which includes clearing the debris, paving roads, and reconstructing houses and other important buildings. Not only has the World Food Program helped with Haiti’s hunger issues, but they have essentially provided earthquake survivors with a sort of job market. Without the program, the country would clearly have no standing economy, and therefore there would be no available work. Since the labor that the people provide in exchange for food and money all goes towards reconstructing their own country, this process implemented by the UN completely benefits Haiti and its people, especially in the long-run. Perhaps the greatest feature of the United Nations World Food Program is that it addresses hunger from all sides. They do not simply enter a country, distribute food, and then leave. Instead, they work closely with the people there and provide them with the proper skills and knowledge so that they are able to feed themselves and their families forever—not just when the UN is there. Still, due to the fact that there are far more starving people than there are those who can help them, a great portion of the world still needs assistance and there is an enormous amount of work that has yet to be done.

Japanese watch market overview

Japanese watch market overview Results for the fiscal year ended March 31 show that watch sales at Japans Big Three watch firms slumped for the second consecutive year as the Great Recession continued to suppress demand for mid-priced watches. Nevertheless, the watch divisions at Citizen, Seiko and Casio remained profitable. For the companies as a whole, only the Citizen Group reported a profit for year; Seiko and Casio both reported losses. Seiko In the watch divisions, the hardest hit was Seiko, maker of Seiko, Pulsar, Alba and licensed brand watches; watch sales fell 31 percent to 64.5 billion yen ($693 million) for the fiscal year. Two years ago, Seikos watch sales totaled  ¥117.2 billion. Since then, they have fallen a staggering 45%. Seiko now ranks third among the Big Three in terms of watch revenue. Seiko Holdings Corp. said operating income at its Seiko Watch Corp. subsidiary increased 38 percent to  ¥2.2 billion ($23.6 million). Unlike Citizen and Casio, Seiko Holdings issued no statement discussing the financial results. Citizen Watch and clock sales at Citizen Watch Co. fell 6.7 percent in the fiscal year to  ¥123.6 billion ($1.33 billion). Regarding the Japanese market, Citizen said in a statement that the slow recovery in consumption and other factors under prevailing economic conditions made for an exceedingly difficult sales environment especially for premium-priced products for the first three quarters of the year. Overseas, sales in Asia, particularly China, were robust and far ahead of the previous year, Citizen said. In the North American market, the largest for this business, difficult conditions continued through the first half, but gave way to a faster-than-expected market recovery in the second half and sales growth for Eco-Drive and other high value added products, Citizen said. Citizen said sales at its Bulova Corp. subsidiary in the United States dropped for the year, although Bulova posted stronger second half sales due to increased sales of mechanical watches and other differentiated prod ucts. Operating profit in Citizens watch and clock segment rose 7.1 percent to  ¥9.7 billion ($104.2 million). Casio Sales of Casio Computer Companys timepiece division fell just 2.8 percent to  ¥78.1 billion yen ($839 million). Sales of non-radio-controlled watches were affected by the harsh market environment in the first half, Casio said in a statement, but sales of radio-controlled watches were strong, particularly Casios high-value-added brands such as G-Shock, Oceanus, and Edifice. Casio does not disclose the operating income of its timepiece division. Its overall electronics segment, which includes timepieces, reported a  ¥19.9 billion loss ($213.8 million). However, Casio noted that timepieces remained highly profitable. Watches represent only a portion of the sales of all three firms. At Citizen and Casio, watches outperformed other divisions. Net sales for Citizen Holding Co. Ltd. dropped 14.9 percent to  ¥252.5 billion ($2.71 billion). Net income for the Citizen Group remained stable at  ¥3.5 billion ($37.6 million). Net sales for Casio as a whole dropped 17.4 percent to  ¥427.9 ($4.60 billion). For the year, Casio reported a loss of  ¥21.0 billion ($226.0 million). Casio said the primary cause of the loss was a sharp decline in sales of cellular phones. Net sales at Seiko Holdings Corp. increased 33% to  ¥230.7 billion ($2.48 billion). The increase, however, is due entirely to a reorganization of the Seiko Group in October that made Seiko Instruments Inc., one of the groups two major manufacturing units, a subsidiary of Seiko Holdings. SII added  ¥85.0 billion ($913.6 million) to Seiko Holdings sales. Without SII, Seiko Holding sales would have declined by 16 percent for the year. Seiko Holdings reported a net loss for the year of  ¥3.6 billion ($39 million). Big Three Watch Sales 2006-2010 (billion yen) Citizen Sales Casio Sales Seiko Sales Purpose of Marketing Plan The purpose of writing a marketing plan is to give a detailed report of our new product in the market. Starting from product attributes, finding our suitable target markets, the benefits that our target customers will get, selecting appropriate distribution channels to make our product easily accessible, studying the current situation analysis of our target markets, analysis of our competitors, and the ratio of market which they have captured.Designing a marketing mix, pricing strategies, Marketing objectives and accordingly making marketing strategies. Mission statement With in this short span of time we have gained a good word of mouth by giving better quality durable products. Innovative, modern, stylish are all descriptive traits that exemplify Integrals design. Dreams and ideals cannot be realized by means of conventional ideas and technologies. Thats why our approach to development is to set a challenging goal and tackle it from every possible perspective-until what simply cant be done gets done. We Updates you with time Company profile à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Company name Bingo Watches. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 3 MR. Uzair Zaheer is CEO of the company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ MR. Aamir Latif is Managing Director of the company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ MR. Majid Ali is GM of the company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ MR. Arslan Khurshid is Marketing Director. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Company product name is Power Disk Watch. Status of the company Bingo started their business in 2001 from the major cities Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi and for the past five years our company has been of producing following products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ wrist watches (Digital and Analog) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fancy wall clocks (Digital and Analog) With in this short span of time we have gained a good word of mouth for our quality products which we have been producing according to the market likings. Now we are about to launch a new innovative, ground breaking, new unique product in the market which is currently not available so we are having no competitors for our new product called Power Disk Watch. Market status of the company Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 4 Our company mainly focusing in Pakistans market, our products are being used in Pakistan. The goodwill of our products is high in the market. As a result of market survey we have a large quantity of loyal customer as well as potential costumers. There is continuous communication with the customer (promotion) to increase the quality and performance of existing products. On the basis of past experience there are good expectations with the new product Power Disk Watch. Product Attributes Leather and chain straps: This product will be available for customers in genuine leather and chain (titanium) straps depending on watch model. Mp3 player: It has a build-in MP3 music player which will be an exciting step for fun lovers of different ages. Voice recorder: Watch also has the ability to record voice messages, theres a small, very sensitive microphone at the bottom of the watch. It can be used as a spy recorder. Built-in equalizer: There is a built-in equalizer in this product which will enable the users to switch to different modes of built in equalizer for e.g. rock, soft, pop, dance, classic, flat Memory space Battery: Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 5 Build-in 170mAH, 3.7V Hi Li-ion rechargeable battery. Depending on the model its memory space varies i.e. 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, and 1GB Night mode: When it turns dark the watch arms and buttons automatically starts glowing so one can easily operate. Weight Speed: Weight of the device is 50-80g (Varies with design and shape) and the speed is USB 1.1 (Max 5Mbps). Support bit rate: Support bit rate is 32kbps-256kbps. Light indicators: It has different indication lights to indicate charging, Mp3 player on/off. Play time: Using this watch users can play continuously for 10~12 hours. System support: Windows 98 or above. Different formats: Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch The watch handles different formats like MP3, WMA, and WAV files for playback. Plug and play: For windows above 98 there is no need to install driver just plug and play. Steps of Marketing plan 1) Situational Analysis 1) Micro Environment 2) Macro environment Micro Environment Micro factors are the factors that directly influence our company. The main micro factors are: 1Intermediaries (Suppliers / Distributors) 2Customers 3Competitors (direct / indirect) P o te n tia l E n tra n ts S u p p lie rs B u y e rs S u b s titu te s In d u s try Macro Environment Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 7 1)-Demograhic Environment Demography is the study of human population in terms of age, gender, household size, family life cycle, education and population age mix. Pakistan is one of the 3rd world countries with a population of 15.50 billion out of which 48% are males and 52% are females. 55% of the population involves in agriculture. The literacy rate in very low i.e. 39% and population rate is 2.3% annually. Most of the population lives in rural areas but migration rate is high. The per capital income is $480 per person annually. Lahore is one of the largest cities of Pakistan. The target of our watch is young generation aging from 20-35 but still watch is being used by guys as well. 2)-Economic Environment In third world countries, a large part of the income of people is spent on the basic needs, so its the most sensitive environment where the income level is low, middle class is shrinking, wealth distribution is unequal and saving rate is low. The people are either very rich or very poor. And their consumption behavior varies accordingly. 3)-Technological environment In Pakistan, there are less opportunities of innovation are available due to the lack of research. However it also depends on the companies that how much they prefer the research and customer feedback. Keeping in view the target market, our company has to look for opportunities rather then wait for them. 4)-Geographical Environment The population level is high crossing 160 million. The growth rate of the customer is expected to have an increasing trend. 5)-Social cultural Environment Traditionally youngsters have more interest in music. This means more consumption of watches then from older ones. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 8 6)-Legal and Political Environment There are no restrictions for the new entrants. Govt. is supporting us by providing exemption of sales tax for 2 years to show their commitment towards welcoming new investment. Factors influencing consumer buying behavior There are many factors that influence the consumer buying behavior directly. These factors are: 1. Cultural factors 2. Social factors 3. Personal factors 4. Psychological factors Cultural factors As far as we are concerned we will target Lahore market at first. The people living in Lahore are good looking and they spent major part of their income in shopping. When we talk about watch many customers are not really satisfied with their existing watches. Thats where we are focusing at: Social Factors Some people get inspiration from reference groups and they use the same products as their reference groups are using. Personal Factors Age factor affects the consumer buying behavior. Mostly young generation use watches to improve their outlook. Economic conditions have also a bit effect on consumer buying behavior. People with high income never hesitate to spend the money on taking care of their out look. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 9 Competitive Factor There are basically three types of competition 1. Brand competition 2. Form competition 3. Generic competition Brand competitors By brand competition we mean competition between different manufacturers who satisfy or tend to satisfy similar need by providing Similar product. In our case our direct brand competitors are 1. Rolex 2. Casio 3. Swatch 4. Raymonds well Form competitors By form competitors we mean the competition between manufacturers which will satisfy the same need but the products that they offer are different. Our form competitors are 1. Rado 2. Titan Generic competition Competition among products that are different, but solve the same problem or provide the same benefit or utility. 2) Marketing Objectives Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 10 There are two types of marketing objectives which are given below 1. Short term objectives 2. Long term objectives Short term objectives: The fundamental objective of BINGO WATCHES to increase the sales volume of power disk watches. Create a good image of our product in the mind of customers. Our main concern is profitability. Long term Objectives: BINGOS long term objectives are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Retention of our loyal customer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Capturing high market share à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delivering quality products to our customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Capturing the potential target market of Pakistan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Launching innovative changes for our product à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating brand awareness and brand loyalty 3) Market Segmentation Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 11 Geographical region: Our target market geographical region profile is as follows. o World region: o Asia o Country: o Pakistan o City: o Lahore o Areas: o Defence o Cantonment o Cavalry Ground o Gulberg o Modeltown Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 12 Demographic factors: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Age: o 20+ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Gender: o Male à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Family life-cycle: o Young or aged can be single or married à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Income: o Rs 30,000+ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Occupation: o Student o Doctors o Engineers o Computer Eng o Business Man o Accountants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Education: o Bachelors o Masters o PHD Psychographic: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Social Class: o Upper Lower o Upper Middle o Upper Upper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Life Style: o Achievers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Personality: Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 13 o Expressive o Stylish o Authoritarian o Gregarious Behavioral: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Occasion: o Regular occasion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Benefits: o Quality o Uniqueness o Technical o Portability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ User status: o Medium and heavy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Readiness stage: o Un-aware 4) Target Market This watch is designed for students, executives, professionals with different occupation, degrees and education levels. We have designed and customized according to different user needs. Students: For students we have designed a model called G-SHOCK as mentioned earlier our watches are for expressive people who want to express them selves, so G-SHOCK has Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 14 been designed according to latest styles , fashion make it an unique and an expressive watch apart from its features. Memory space: (128MB~512Mb) This feature is really beneficial one because students can carry their assignments, presentation, work, software, related stuff on it and can access it form any where no need to open your mail account and download your required stuff . Instead of wasting so much time just copy it in your watch and carry it any where you want. Portability: This is a portable device which is always on your hand in the form of watch; its easy to carry because it weighs almost equal to watch. So at one space one carry four additional accessories. Entertainment: Mp3 Player: Students mostly have walk mans, CD man with them which they often use while traveling mostly. Now you dont need to have any walk man because you can store almost about 500 songs in your watch and can listen them when ever you want. You are traveling, sitting alone and feeling bore, or want to listen song at night time but can not put your deck on, our watch has solution for every problem Voice recorder: It is very help full during the lecture because you can record your lecture any time and can listen to it after wards and even can store it in your Pc. Privacy: Our product will be providing privacy by keeping the personal private things with you in your watch and can carry them with you all the time. Executives/Professionals: The watch which we have designed for professionals isEst eem.it varies in design according to varying age groups .we have given some new designs to this product which is a bit different from others. The benefits we will be giving to our customers are as follows. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 15 Memory Space: (512 MB~1 GB) Now days every professional has a need of flash drive. We have made this job easier for them to carry it in their watch and can access it from any where we are providing sample of space i.e. 512 MB ~ 1GB software engineers, programmers ,Doctors ,Accountants especially can bring some extra out put from this product because they can carry many of the big software with them. Portable: Our product makes it easier for you to carry your data in a portable device requiring no new space Stylish designs: Our watches along with technical aspects have stylish features according to current fashion. The power disk watch for executives has, attracting, exclusive, designs our targeted customers which give them an expressive look. Voice recorder: Power disk has introduced this feature for the first time in current market; this feature is of great use we have made a small product which carries multiple functions in it this feature enables you to: Record all conversation while in meeting. While interviewing some one can record the interview instead of writing it down and saving time. Privacy: It keeps your privacy with you .one can carry some of its important files, documents save in his/her watch. 5) Marketing mix 1. Product 2. Price 3. Place 4. Promotion Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 16 PRODUCTS:- As we have already discussed about the product, its features and its attributes above. So now we will be looking at the other three Ps. PRICE:- PRICING STRATEGY:- The pricing strategy portion of the marketing plan involves determining how we will price our product or service; the price we charge has to be competitive but still allow us to make a reasonable profit. The keyword here is reasonable; we can charge any price we want to, but for every product or service theres a limit to how much the consumer is willing to pay. Our pricing strategy needs to take this consumer threshold into account. We set our prices by examining how much it costs us to produce the product or service and adding a fair price for the benefits that the customer will enjoy. We may find it useful to conduct a Breakeven Analysis. In break even analysis the price is set to break even on the costs of making and marketing a product or in other words setting a price to make a target profit. These are some pricing strategies 1. Cost based pricing 2. Value based pricing 3. Competition based pricing Cost based pricing: Cost based pricing involves adding a markup to the cost of the product. But Power disk is not dealing in price sensitive market . So we move on to the next pricing method. VALUE BASED PRICING: In value based pricing price is based on the buyers perception of value rather than on the sellers cost. An increasing number of companies are basing their prices on the products perceived value. And we can use it here as well as the consumers already dont have an image of this new product in mind so there is a need to base its new price on its value. All the Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 17 company needs to do is to change the view point of the customers by powerful and attractive advertising. COMPETITION BASED PRICING Setting prices based on the prices the competitors charge for similar products is called competition based pricing. Consumers will base their judgments of a products value on the prices that competitors charge for similar products. One form of competition based pricing is going rate pricing in which a firm bases its prices largely on competitors prices, with less attention paid to its own costs or to demand. The firm might charge the same as, more than or less than its major competitors. But as we know that Power disk is not facing any competition so this strategy is not be used by the company. We are launching a new unique product for a special class of people our target market is not price sensitive so we will be using Value Based Pricing because we processes a good word of mouth and this type we are launching an innovative product which already does not exist in market The final user end prices are as follows for its 2 models: o G-Force (for Students) G-Force Models Quantity Per unit cost Profit Retail price Gf-910 01 4125 1375(25%) 5500 Gf-610 01 4875 1625(25%) 6500 o Esteem: (for executives and professionals) Esteem Models Quantity Per unit cost Profit Retail price Em-121001 6800 1700(20%) 8500 Em-345001 13600 3400(20%) 17000 Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 18 Incentives: The incentives which will be given to and retailers are as follows: Retailers: To retailers the incentive given for the per unit sale of G-force and Esteem is as follows: Model Quantity Commission G-force 1 500 Esteem 1 900 PLACE:- It includes marketing channels and channel levels as described below:- MARKETING CHANNELS Few producers sell their goods directly to final users. Instead most use intermediaries to bring their products to market. They try to forget a marketing channel or distribution channel, a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user. There are basically two marketing channels:- Direct marketing channel:- A marketing channel that has no intermediary levels. Indirect marketing channel: Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 19 Channel containing one or more intermediary levels. We Implement Direct channels: Company Owned Shop: The products will be available on our company outlet at MM ALAM ROAD and Defence Y-Block. In- Direct channels: It would be difficult to cover our target market by just using direct channel so in order to make it easily available we will use the maximum no of efficient indirect channels, which are as follows: 1. H karim bukhsh outlets 2. pot puri outlets 3. Al Fetah outlets 4. sketchers outlets 5. Nike outlets 6. Pace shopping mall 7. Fortress market PROMOTION Promotion means customer communication that how we can reach to our customer to read and capture his mind. PROMOTION MIX STRETAGES:- Marketers can choose from two basic promotion mix strategies:- 1). Push strategy 2). Pull strategy PUSH STRATEGY:- Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 20 A promotion strategy that calls for using the sales force and trade promotion to push the product through channels is called push strategy. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers the wholesalers promotes to retailers, and the retailer promotes to consumers. A push strategy involves pushing the product through distribution channels to final consumers. The producer directs its marketing activities (primarily personal selling and trade promotion) toward channel members to induce them to carry the product and to promote it to final consumer. PULL STRATEGY:- A promotion strategy that calls for spending a lot on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand is called pull strategy. If the strategy is successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers. Using a pull strategy, the producer directs its marketing activities (primarily advertising and consumer promotion) toward final consumers to induce them to buy the product. If the pull strategy is effective, consumers will then demand the product from channel members, who will in turn demand from producers. Thus, under a pull strategy, consumer demand pulls the product through the channels. OUR APPROACH As we are launching our product (watches) so we will use the mix strategies to improve the customer demand to have more sales and better supply in all kinds of markets and stores. And for this we have to analyze trends or behaviors of the consumers so that the companys ability to do business can be improved. So in this section well also give the tools we will be using for this launch. We will also discuss the promotion strategy that we will be using in this launch. Promotion tools Advertisement Advertisement is the tool to make the product known to the customer, the advertisement should be in such a manner so that it can attract the customer at first glance then their should be image retention in the mind of customer. Continuous advertisement stimulates the customer for the purchasing of the product. Advertisement tools used are Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 21 Magazines 1. Libas Magazine 2. MAG 3. Times Magazine 4. Visag Magzine 5. Fashion Magzine Sign boards Advertisement through signboards in posh areas of Lahore. For the evaluation of the product performance following methods will be used so that if the customer is facing any problems in respect of quality, availability and other matters can be removed. Feed back form Forms having different question about the product performance, its weaknesses (if any), Need for quality improvement and other questions regarding service approachability, affordability etc will be available. Forms will be given to the customers at time of purchase. Sales Promotion and retention of loyal customers For sales promotion at different occasions like EID, Independence day, greeting cards will be sent in order to stay in contact with our loyally and potential customers. 6) Implementation Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 22 It is the most important step of the marketing plan. In this step we actually implement what we have consider In above steps. Because there is a saying that it is useless to write a story if you are not going to make a movie. 7) Evaluation In this we evaluate what we have implemented if our strategies are going accordingly then we carry on other wise we are going for modification. Marketing Plan for Power Disk Watch N$B 23

The Atomic Bomb and Radiation Essay -- Weapons Health Science Papers

The Atomic Bomb and Radiation Radiation as a carcinogen was first established in December 1895 after Roentgen’s discovery of X-rays. In 1902, the first radiation induced cancer was reported emerging from an ulcerated area of the skin. By 1911, a large number of these such skin cancers were reported as well as the first report of leukemia occurring in five radiation workers (Little 2000). Following these discoveries, large-scale tumor induction studies were carried out in animal models over the following 30 years. These studies elucidated many of the general characteristics of radiation carcinogenesis. With the explosion of the atom bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, scientists were given the opportunity to examine the effects of radiation in a natural experiment that effected a broad range of subjects. The population of atomic bomb survivors represents a wide range of ages as well as both sexes, a group comparable to that of the general population. The Japanese atomic bomb survivor Life Span Study (LSS) cohort is the principal source of data used to estimate the risks of radiation-related cancer (Little et al 1999). In 1978, the original dose estimates were reassessed and now appear in a complete publication called the DS86-Dosimetry System 1986 ((Klaassen). The four main types of radiation are alpha particles, beta particles and positrons, gamma rays and x-rays. These atoms can decay through the loss of a positively or negatively charged electron. The release of excess energy from the nucleus, usually after an alpha, beta or positron transition results in gamma radiation. X-ray radiation is released whenever an inner-shell orbital electron is removed and a rearrangement of the remaining atomic electrons takes plac... ...of Radiation on Incidence of Primary Liver Cancer among Atomic Bomb Survivors Radiation Research 1999 152:364-373 Kai, m., Luebeck, E.G., Moolgavkar, S.H. Analysis of the Incidence of Solid Cancer among Atomic Bomb Survivors Using a Two-Stage Model of Carcinogenesis Radiation Research 1997 148:348-358 Klaassen, Cutris D. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons Fifth Edition 1999 Little, J.B. Radiation carcinogenesis Carcinogenesis 21(3):397 Little, M.P., Muirhead, C.R., Haylock, R.G.E., Thomas, J.M. Relative Risks of radiation-associated cancer: comparison of second cancer in therapeutically irradiated populations with the Japanese atomic bomb survivors Radiat Environ Biophys 1999 38:267-283 Pierce, D.A., Mendelsohn, M.L. A Model for Radiation-Related Cancer Suggested by Atomic Bomb Survivor Data Radiation Research 1999 152:642-654

History project- religious development in India during medieval ages Essay

With the coming of the Mughals in India and the Turkish rule, there were many developments and changes in the Indian culture and religion. The Sultans of Delhi and Mughal tolerated different religions, especially Hinduism, though they were followers of Islam. This lead to the beggining of indo-islamic culture. Since dawn of history, India has been the cradle of religious developments. In the early medival period, two parrelel movements in Hinduism and Islam representing the Bhakti and Sufi movements emerged in India. The Indo-Islamic strands have been woven into the texture of India by intertwining Bhakti and Sufi traditions. Bhakti movement The Bhakti movement is a Hindu religious movement in which the main spiritual practice is loving devotion towards Shiva or Vishnu. Bhakti movement is also closely related to Sufism of Islam which rose in the same time period and both advocated ‘love of God’ as the easiest way to attain God. The Bhakti movement originated in ancient Tamil Nadu. The Nayanmars and the Alvars played a major role in the Bhakti movement. The Bhakti movement co-existed peacefully with the other movements in Hinduism. It was initially considered unorthodox, as it rebelled against caste distinctions and disregarded Brahmanic rituals, which according to Bhakti saints were not necessary for salvation. In the course of time, however, owing to its immense popularity among the masses it became ‘orthodox’ and continues to be one of the most important modes of religious expression in modern India. The world ‘Bhakti’ means devotion to God. The Bhakti movement had its origin in the Bhagavadgita and the Upanishads. The Bhaktas of God did not believe in any sort of caste distinctions. They advocated love and devotion to God and discarded all sorts of rituals and ceremonies. They preached oneness of God and â€Å"that all religions were but roads leading to the same goal†. Chief Principles of Bhakti Movement: The chief principles of the Bhakti movement were as follows: 1. It is Bhakti or devotion to God alone that can help man attain salvation. 2. It is important to follow a true guru for realizing God. 3. All men are equal and no one is superior or inferior. 4. Caste distinctions, rituals, fasts, etc. , are useless and lead to nowhere. 5. All men should be tolerant. Effects of the Bhakti Movement: The Bhakti movement had far-reaching effects on the people. Firstly, it helped a lot in removing the existing bitterness between the Hindus and the Muslims. Both became more tolerant towards each other. Secondly, the Bhaktas exposed the hollowness of empty rituals and ceremonies and taught the people to give up evils like belief in superstitions etc. This movement delta a blow to the superiority of the Brahmins, for it propagated the equality of all men. This also helped in checking conversions. Thirdly, the Bhakti reformers preached in the common language of the people, which gave rise to the vernacular languages such as Bengali in the east, Gujarati and Marathi in the west and Punjabi in the north. Important Bhakti Reformers Ramanuja : Ramanuja was one of the earliest reformers. His teachings were based on the Upanishads and Bhagwad Gita. he had taught in the language of the common man. Soon a large number of people became his followers. Ramananda was his disciple. Ramananda : Ramananda was the first reformer to preach in Hindi, the main language spoken by the people of the North. He was educated at Benaras. He preached that there is nothing high or low. He was an ardent worshipper of Rama. He considered God as a loving father. He lived in the 14th century A. D. Kabir : Kabir was an ardent disciple of Ramananda. He wanted unity between the Hindus and the Muslims. He preached that both the Hindus and the Muslims are the children of a single God. He had no faith in idol worship, religious rituals and ceremonies. The devotees of Kabir were known as Kabir Panthis. Chaitanya : Chaitanya, a great devotee of Lord Krishna, was a saint from Bengal. From his very childhood, he had showed great interest in education and studied Sanskrit. He married the daughter of a Saintly person. Later at the age of 24, he renounced the worldly life and became a sanyasin. His followers regarded him as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. He helped the old and the needy. He was opposed to the inequalities of the caste system. He emphasised the need for tolerance, humanity and love. He spread the message of Bhakti in Bengal. He popularised ‘Sankritan’or public singing of God’s name. He was addressed `Mahaprabhu’ by his followers. Meera Bai : Meerabai was a Rajput princess. She married the Rana of Mewar. She was a pious devotee of Lord Krishna. Her songs or hymns are even today sung all over India. Her palace was kept open to people of all castes to join her Bhajans of Lord Krishna. She had lived for the most part of her life in Mathura, the birth place of Krishna and Vrindaban. There is a temple dedicated to Meerabai in Chittor, the capital of Mewar. Sufi movement Sufism was a reform movement within Islam which applies greater stress on free thinking, liberal ideas and toleration. The Sufis believed in the equality of all human beings and brotherhood mankind. The Sufi movement started in Persia. Some of the Sufi saints also came to India. They began to preach their liberal ideas and to remove the gulf between the Hindus and the Muslims and join them together. The word Sufi has been taken from the Arabic word ‘Suf’ which means wool. The movement may have been given the name Sufism because of the course wool garments they wore as a mark of their rejection of worldly things. Sufis have traditionally taken vows of poverty and celibacy. Sufism developed religious practices focusing on strict self-control that enable both psychological and mystical insights as well as a loss of self, with the ultimate goal of mystical union with God. The Sufi movement consists of fraternal orders in which leaders train and assist disciples in the mastery of Sufism’s philosophical principles and ritual practices. Such rituals and practices include writing and reciting poetry and hymns; some of the most famous and beautiful literature of the Islamic world has been written by Sufis. Sufis engage in a variety of ritual practices intended to help them realize union with God, such as distinct forms of ritual prayer including the recitation of God’s names, as well as bodily rituals such as those practices by the so-called â€Å"Whirling Dervishes,† a Turkish Sufi order that practices meditation and contemplation of God through spinning. Teaching of Sufism: 1. There is one God, the Eternal, the Only Being; none else exists save He. 2. There is only one Master, the Guiding Spirit of all souls, who constantly leads his followers towards the light. 3. There is one Holy Book, the sacred manuscript of nature: the only scripture, which can enlighten the reader. 4. There is one Religion, the unswerving progress in the right direction towards the ideal, which fulfills the life’s purpose of every soul. 5. There is one Law, the Law of reciprocity, which can be observed by a selfless conscience together with a sense of awakened justice. 6. There is one Brotherhood, the human brotherhood, which unites the children of earth indiscriminately in the fatherhood of God. 7. There is one Moral Principle, the love which springs forth from self-denial, and blooms in deeds of beneficence. 8. There is one Object of Praise, the beauty which uplifts the heart of its worshipper through all aspects from the seen to the Unseen. 9. There is one Truth, the true knowledge of our being within and without, which is the essence of all wisdom. 10. There is one Path, the annihilation of the false ego in the real, which raises the mortal to immortality and in which resides all perfection. The Sufi Movement there is no priesthood in the ordinary sense, the priesthood is only to conduct the service and to answer the need of a priest which always exists in our everyday life. Those ordained in the Sufi Movement are called Sirajs and Cherags. There is no distinction between women and men. The worthy soul is ordained; this gives an example to the world that in all places – in the church, in the school, in parliament, in court – it is woman and man together who make evolution complete. But at the same time every Sufi is a priest, a preacher, a teacher, and a pupil of every soul that he meets in the world. The Sufi prayers such as Saum and Salat are not man-made prayers. They have descended from above, just as in every period of spiritual reconstruction prayers were given. And there is every power and blessing in them, especially for those who believe. Sikhism Guru Nanak is the founder of the religion of Sikhism and is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. His birth is celebrated world-wide on Kartik Puranmashi, the full-moon day which falls on different dates each year in the month of Katak, October-November. Guru Nanak travelled to places far and wide teaching people the message of one God who dwells in every one of God’s creations and constitutes the eternal Truth. He setup a unique spiritual, social, and political platform based on equality, fraternity love, goodness, and virtue. Nanak was born on 15 April 1469, now celebrated as Guru Nanak Gurpurab. Today, his birthplace is marked by Gurdwara Janam Asthan. His parents were Kalyan Chand Das Bedi and Mata Tripta. His father was a patwari (accountant) for crop revenue in the village of Talwandi, employed by a Muslim landlord of that area, Rai Bular Bhatti. He had one sister, Bibi Nanaki, who was five years older than him and became a spiritual figure in her own right. Nanak also found work with Daulat Khan, when he was around 16 years old. On 24 September 1487 Nanak married Mata Sulakkhani, daughter of Mul Chand and Chando Ra? i, in the town of Batala. The couple had two sons, Sri Chand and Lakhmi Chand. Inspite of his married life, he spent most of his time in the company of holy men. At the age of 29, he left his home to spread the message of faith far and wide. Sikh teaching emphasizes the principle of equality of all humans and rejects discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, and gender. Sikh principles encourage living life as a householder Sikh Religion and Worship: 1)A Sikh believes in, and worships only one God. 2)A Sikh regards the succession of ten gurus, and the written word of the Guru Granth, a channel through which divine light manifests as salvation. 3)Sikhs worship in the gurdwara, congregating with spiritual companions, and communing with God, by singing divine hymns selected from the Guru Granth. 4)Sikhs perform ardas, a formal prayer, and read from Guru Granth before embarking on important endeavors. 5)The uniqueness of Sikhism is upheld without any derogatory attitude towards others, or belittling of others faith. . A brief of the next 9 Gurus: http://www. sarabsanjhigurbani. com/ten-guru. asp

Casualty Figure Chart for World War 1

Casualty Figure Chart for World War 1 Despite intensive research by historians, there is no- and there will never be- a definitive list of the casualties inflicted during World War I. Where detailed record-keeping was attempted, the demands of battle undermined it. The destructive nature of the war, a conflict where soldiers could be wholly obliterated or instantly buried, destroyed both the records themselves and the memories of those who knew the fates of their comrades. Estimating the Numbers For many countries, the estimated figures only vary within the hundreds, even tens, of thousands, but those of others- particularly France- can be over a million apart. Consequently, the numbers given here have been rounded to the nearest thousand (Japan is an exception, given the low number). The figures in this, and almost every other list, will differ; however, the proportions should remain similar and it is these (represented here as percentages) which allow the greatest insight. In addition, there is no convention as to whether the dead and wounded of the British Empire are listed under this umbrella title or by individual nation (and there is certainly no convention for those regions which have since divided).   How People Died Many people expect the deaths and wounds of World War I to have come from bullets, as soldiers were engaged in combat: charges into no mans land, struggles over trenches, etc. However, while bullets certainly killed a lot of people, it was aerial artillery which killed the most. This death from the skies could bury people or just blow a limb off, and the repeated hammerings of millions of shells induced illness even when the shrapnel didnt hit. This devastating killer, which could kill you while you were on your own territory away from enemy troops, was supplemented by new weapons: humanity lived up to its horrible reputation by deciding that new methods of killing ​were needed, and poison gas was introduced on both western and eastern fronts. This didnt kill as many people as you might think, given the way we remember it, but those it did kill died a painful and hideous death. Some say that the First World Wars death toll is used today as an emotional weapon used to cast the conflict in overwhelmingly negative terms, part of the modern revisionism on the war, which may be a completely dishonest way to portray the conflict. One look at the list below, with millions dead, over a war for imperial control, is telling evidence. The vast and scarring psychological effects of those who were wounded, or those who bore no physical wounds (and dont appear in the list below), yet suffered emotional wounds, must also be born in mind when you consider the human cost of this conflict. A generation was damaged. Notes on Countries With regards to Africa, the figure of 55,000 refers to soldiers who saw combat; the number of Africans involved as auxiliaries or otherwise is likely to include several hundred thousand. Troops were drawn from Nigeria, Gambia, Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Nyasaland/Malawi, Kenya, and the Gold Coast. Figures for South Africa are given separately. In the Caribbean, the British West Indies regiment drew men from across the region, including Barbados, Bahamas, Honduras, Grenada, Guyana, Leeward Islands, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Trinidad and Tobago; the bulk came from Jamaica. The figures are cited from The Longman Companion to the First World War (Colin Nicholson, Longman 2001, pg. 248); they have been rounded to the nearest thousand. All percentages are my own; they refer to the % of the total mobilized. Casualties of World War I Country Mobilized Killed Wounded Total K and W Casualties Africa 55,000 10,000 unknown unknown - Australia 330,000 59,000 152,000 211,000 64% Austria-Hungary 6,500,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 4,820,000 74% Belgium 207,000 13,000 44,000 57,000 28% Bulgaria 400,000 101,000 153,000 254,000 64% Canada 620,000 67,000 173,000 241,000 39% The Caribbean 21,000 1,000 3,000 4,000 19% French Empire 7,500,000 1,385,000 4,266,000 5,651,000 75% Germany 11,000,000 1,718,000 4,234,000 5,952,000 54% Great Britain 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000 44% Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 26,000 11% India 1,500,000 43,000 65,000 108,000 7% Italy 5,500,000 460,000 947,000 1,407,000 26% Japan 800,000 250 1,000 1,250 0.2% Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 13,000 26% New Zealand 110,000 18,000 55,000 73,000 66% Portugal 100,000 7,000 15,000 22,000 22% Romania 750,000 200,000 120,000 320,000 43% Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 6,650,000 55% Serbia 707,000 128,000 133,000 261,000 37% South Africa 149,000 7,000 12,000 19,000 13% Turkey 1,600,000 336,000 400,000 736,000 46% USA 4,272,500 117,000 204,000 321,000 8% Sources and Further Reading Broadberry, Stephen and Mark Harrison (eds). The Economics of World War I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Offer, Avner. The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Hall, George J. Exchange Rates and Casualties During the First World War. Journal of Monetary Economics 51.8 (2004): 1711–42. Print.Hoeffler D. F., and L. J. Melton. Changes in the distribution of navy and marine corps casualties from World War I through the Vietnam conflict. Military Medicine 146.11 (1981). 776–779.  Keegan, John. The First World War. New York: Vintage Books, 1998.Nicholson, Colin. The Longman Companion to the First World War: Europe 1914–1918. Routledge, 2014.  Winter, J. M. Britains ‘Lost Generation’ of the First World War. Population Studies 31.3 (1977): 449–66. Print.